Say iyaaligwas na energy density na lithium-ion ya baterya et mabetbet ya walay kaiba ton idakel na peligro ed kaligenan. Say kaplesan ya manunan sistema na electrolyte et nibase ed carbonate solvents, ya walaan na abeban flash points tan mainomay ya napoolan tan mainomay ya onkupas. Diad silong na saray kondisyon na panag-abuso a singa say overcharging, short circuiting, odino atagey a temperatura, mainomay iran pansengegan na thermal runaway, a pansengegan na pool na baterya odino pakasabog ni ingen, a mangiter na seryoson kapeligroan ed kaligenan. Diad temperaturan mankikimey ya onsulok ed 50 degree, saray side reactions ed baetan na electrode tan electrolyte et onpeles a maong, kanian maples ya onkupas so kapasidad na baterya tan manresulta ed napanmatalkan ya aplikasyon to ed malaknab iran temperatura. Saray flame-retardant phosphate ester solvents et ipapasen ya sankaabigan ya alternatibo ed saray carbonate solvents. Balet, say abayag lan problema na ag-inkayadyari ed saray graphite anode so angamper ed komersyalisasyon da: diad kombensional odino abeban konsentrasyon na asin, saray phosphate ester electrolytes et ag makapanggawa na malet ya solidon electrolyte interface (SEI) ed tapew na graphite anodes, tan say electrolyte et man-embed ed graphite saray interlayer ya walay lithium ions, ya pansengegan na tuloytuloy ya inkabulok tan pakaderal na istruktura.
Diad kaplesan, sakey a grupo so makabayon nanggawa na balon klase na anemiran -membered ring fluorinated phosphoric acid ester solvent, ya tatawagen 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-2-oxide (HTP). No ikompara ed tradisyonal ya limaran-miembro na singsing ya phosphoric acid ester, say anemiran-miyembron singsing ya istruktura na HTP et walaan na abeban ring tension, ya makabkabaliksan ya mamaaligwas ed thermal stability tan chemical stability na molekula manlapud thermodynamic ya perspektibo, tan mangamper ed saray side reactions a singa say ring-decomposition. Base ed saya, pinili na grupo so tri-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFEP) bilang co-solvent tan inkoordinar da ed lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) salt, ya matalonan akagawa na abeban konsentrasyon ya all-phosphoric acid ester electrolyte system ya walay konsentrasyon na lithium salt 1.2M labat. Say manunan bentaha na sayan electrolyte et diad panamegley na nikadkaduman inter-solvent interactions, nareregula to so solvation structure na lithium ions, diad ontan et naporma so malet tan makapal a SEI film ed graphite anode, ya natalonaan so problema ed compatibility.
Sayan kimey et nibase ed balon klase na hexacyclic phosphoric acid ester solvent (HTP), tan matalonan akagawa na abeban konsentrasyon na all-phosphoric acid electrolyte. Sayan electrolyte, ya walaan na malapar ya electrochemical window, atagey ya flash point tan ekselentin flame retardancy, et mamapawala na 4.5 V graphite||NMC811 ya baterya ya mankimey ya malet ed 100 degree, tan makapasa ed saray malet ya safety test a singa say pan-puncture, ya onlabas ed bottleneck ya tradisyonal ya mairap ya balansien so atagey ya boltahe tan atagey ya boltahe atagey-ya temperatura.
